Sexual Beliefs in the Middle Ages: Religious Restrictions and Diversity of Views

According to the research by historian Eleanor Yanegi, sexual beliefs in the Middle Ages were closely tied to religious convictions. The theologians of that time warned believers about the sin of lust, attaching special importance to the choice of sexual positions. The missionary position was considered permissible and "natural," emphasizing the relationships between genders, with men, as representatives of the "higher" gender, playing an active role, while women were expected to be passive.

Medieval theologians not only discussed correct sexual positions but also criticized others. For instance, engaging in "doggy style" was deemed "unnatural," causing concern among church figures. Canonist Bishop Burkhard of Worms prescribed punishment of ten days on bread and water for those excessively indulging in sex in this position. The theme of "unseen lust" was also raised, condemning couples engaging in non-standard positions without physical necessity.

Despite the general consensus among theologians, there were dissenting voices advocating for certain exceptions. Alexander of Gaul and William of Pagula, for instance, acknowledged that non-canonical positions might be acceptable for physical reasons or due to health issues. However, they also set specific limitations, emphasizing that sex in the "doggy style" was unacceptable and should be considered a serious crime.

Yanegi's study reveals how religious beliefs about sex shaped the sexual culture of the Middle Ages. The restrictions and prescriptions of theologians had a significant impact on sexual relationships within families and society. Despite some deviations in opinions, there was a pronounced inclination toward aligning sexual acts with church canons.

The research also indicates an evolution in views on sex and positions in the Middle Ages. With diverse perspectives, including criticism and exceptions, society began to recognize the variety of sexual preferences and physiological differences. This reflects a gradual shift in attitudes toward sex, which, in the long run, influenced cultural and social norms.